LTE-Advanced - Evolving LTE towards IMT-Advanced

Abstract — This paper provides a high-level overview of some technology components currently considered for the evolution of LTE including complete fulfillment of the IMT-Advanced requirements. These technology components include extended spectrum flexibility, multi-antenna solutions, coordinated multipoint transmission/reception, and the use of advanced repeaters/relaying. A simple performance assessment is also included, indicating potential for significantly increased performance. Keywords-LTE, IMT-Advanced, LTE-Advanced, 4G I

Towards a 6G embedding sustainability

From its conception, 6G is being designed with a particular focus on sustainability. The general philosophy of the H2020 Hexa-X project work on sustainability in 6G is based on two principles: to reduce direct negative life cycle impacts of 6G systems as much as possible (Sustainable 6G) and to analyze use cases that maximize positive environmental, social, and economic effects in other sectors of society (6G for Sustainability or its enablement effect). To apply this philosophy, Hexa-X is designing 6G with three sustainability objectives in mind: to enable the reduction of emissions in 6G-powered sectors of society, to reduce the total cost of ownership and to improve energy efficiency. This paper describes these objectives, their associated KPIs and quantitative targets, and the levers to reach them. Furthermore, to maximize the positive effects of 6G through the enablement effect, a link between 6G and the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) framework is proposed and illustrated by Hexa-X use case families.Comment: IEEE ICC 2023 Second International Workshop on Green and Sustainable Networking (GreenNet), May 2023, Rome, Ital

Ore and rock mass characterization using borehole geophysics

A geophysical log represents the measurement of a geophysical parameter along a borehole, plotted against time or depth. A variety of geophysical logging tools exist that measure different geophysical parameters. Some geophysical instruments react to the lithological changes along the borehole, others to the fluid within or around the borehole, but very few react solely to a single feature. In every case the user must determine what effect the borehole and its surroundings have on the measurement. Interpretation of geophysical logs from sedimentary rocks (mainly for petroleum or water) is highly developed while in hard rocks the log responses are much more complex, and interpretation is a qualitative and subjective exercise. The key to successful use of borehole geophysics in underground constructions lies in the data interpretation and presentation. Virtually all types of underground constructions, in both mining for ores and tunneling, are preceded by investigations through boreholes to try to locate anomalous zones in the rock mass. The information from the boreholes forms the basis for the layout of the production. Diamond core drilling, with geological core logging, is the most commonly used method for rock mass investigations. Unfortunately, the many task-intensive steps and expense of this method limit the amount of samples one can obtain. In mining, the primary objects to detect are the orebody and its boundaries, since waste rock dilution occurs when uneconomic rock is mined and processed with economic mineralized ore Logging production holes, with geophysical tools, to identify the ore-waste contact for optimal blast design will result in reductions in dilution and oreloss.Godkänd; 1997; 20061128 (haneit

Ore and rock mass characterization using borehole geophysics

A geophysical log represents the measurement of a geophysical parameter along a borehole, plotted against time or depth. A variety of geophysical logging tools exist that measure different geophysical parameters. Some geophysical instruments react to the lithological changes along the borehole, others to the fluid within or around the borehole, but very few react solely to a single feature. In every case the user must determine what effect the borehole and its surroundings have on the measurement. Interpretation of geophysical logs from sedimentary rocks (mainly for petroleum or water) is highly developed while in hard rocks the log responses are much more complex, and interpretation is a qualitative and subjective exercise. The key to successful use of borehole geophysics in underground constructions lies in the data interpretation and presentation. Virtually all types of underground constructions, in both mining for ores and tunneling, are preceded by investigations through boreholes to try to locate anomalous zones in the rock mass. The information from the boreholes forms the basis for the layout of the production. Diamond core drilling, with geological core logging, is the most commonly used method for rock mass investigations. Unfortunately, the many task-intensive steps and expense of this method limit the amount of samples one can obtain. In mining, the primary objects to detect are the orebody and its boundaries, since waste rock dilution occurs when uneconomic rock is mined and processed with economic mineralized ore Logging production holes, with geophysical tools, to identify the ore-waste contact for optimal blast design will result in reductions in dilution and oreloss.Godkänd; 1997; 20061128 (haneit

Scheduling support for mixed VoIP and web traffic over HSDPA

HSDPA (high-speed downlink packet access), introduced in WCDMA release 5, provides a high-bandwidth shared channel with short transmission time interval (TTI). The short TTI together with appropriate scheduling enable HSDPA to support efficient multiplexing of traffic. We explain the performance of four scheduling algorithms when transmitting a traffic mix consisting of both conversational (VoIP) traffic and background (Web) traffic over the high-speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH) of HSDPA. We consider both cell throughput and user satisfaction. The proportional fair (PF), the maximum rate (MR) scheduler and two extended versions of MR, are tested for different VoIP scheduling delay budgets and varying load. To understand the behaviour of the schedulers, we use the ns-2 simulator extended with a model of HS-DSCH to simulate a mixed traffic scenario. Our results show that a scheduler that gradually increases the VoIP priority and considers the user's current possible rate, performs well. A more drastic increase in VoIP priority is however needed when the delay budget is short. Furthermore, attempting to uphold quality for both VoIP and Web traffic makes the system sensitive to overload situations.Validerad; 2007; 20071026 (saral

Towards a 6G embedding sustainability

From its conception, 6G is being designed with a particular focus on sustainability. The general philosophy of the H2020 Hexa-X project work on sustainability in 6G is based on two principles: to reduce direct negative life cycle impacts of 6G systems as much as possible (Sustainable 6G) and to analyze use cases that maximize positive environmental, social, and economic effects in other sectors of society (6G for Sustainability or its enablement effect). To apply this philosophy, Hexa-X is designing 6G with three sustainability objectives in mind: to enable the reduction of emissions in 6G-powered sectors of society, to reduce the total cost of ownership and to improve energy efficiency. This paper describes these objectives, their associated KPIs and quantitative targets, and the levers to reach them. Furthermore, to maximize the positive effects of 6G through the enablement effect, a link between 6G and the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) framework is proposed and illustrated by Hexa-X use case families